Accounting and the saudi stock crash in 2006 Term Paper

Accounting and the saudi stock crash in 2006 - Term Paper Example However, using principles of financial accounting of companies to evaluate the financial position of countries is not appropriate and the conclusions in the article are incorrect due to several reasons. Firstly, the author says that the US has taken on too many liabilities and will not be able to cover them with the existing assets. Using the accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, this means that from financial standpoint, the US is in a negative equity position. This is in contradiction to the fact that the US GDP has continued to grow positively since the last quarter of 2009 (Trading Economics, 2011). It is therefore evident that using financial accounting principles to evaluate countries is not correct. The underlying reason is that the asset and liability position of a country is quite dynamic. The liabilities increase when government raises money from the market by selling bonds; however, unlike most companies, the government is much more active in buying back these bonds from the same entities (banks) when it wants to reduce the money supply. Secondly, the author’s key assumption is the increased long-term liability on one side has been balanced only by cash. However, the government has used the liability to increase its other assets too. It has increased the money supply in the market to spur growth in the economy. This increased growth will bring higher demand and therefore higher revenue to the government. Next, the author assumes that the liability taken up now will not be able to be met through existing assets. However, the government has several ways to increase their revenue to meet the liabilities. It can increase taxes and/or reduce spending. In the case of a company, it compares to increasing product prices and reducing costs. For a government, it is much easier to take these steps than for companies which are bound by the competition and internal fixed

A View From The Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View From The Bridge Essay The street and house-front of a tenement building. The front is skeletal entirely. The main acting area is the living-room-dining-room of Eddies apartment. It is a workers flat, clean, sparse, homely. There is a rocker down front; a round dining-table at centre, with chairs; and a portable phonograph.  At the back are a bedroom door and an opening to the kitchen; none of these interiors is seen.  At the right, forestage, a desk. This is Mr Alfieris law office.   There is also a telephone booth. This is not used until the last scenes, so it may not be covered or left in view. A stairway leads up to the apartment, and then farther up to the next storey, which is not seen.  Ramps, representing the street, run upstage and off to the right and left.  Arthur Miller, born in 1915, wrote this play in 1955. It is set in Brooklyn, New York, in the late 1940s. Its main focus is on an Italian-American family, and the issues they face. It has a strong pedigree with an American immigrant story base. The view from the bridge is in a way the audience sitting on the fence watching the merging of this American culture dissolving the passions and identities of its inhabitants. Characters  He introduces us to the following characters:  Alfieri is used as the narrator of the play. He guides the audience along with background information, and towards the unfolding events with an unbiased overview. He helps to give us a balanced opinion of each of the characters.  Eddie is the writers symbol. He is the main focus, the protagonist, to each of the characters (his relationship with Beatrice falls apart, his true feelings for Catherine are revealed, jealousy of Rodolpho and Marcos rival). Beatrice seems to be the link to all of the important characters (the wife of Eddie, aunt of Catherine, and cousin to the immigrants Rodolpho and Marco). She keeps the peace between them, and shows deep emotion for each of them.  Catherine, otherwise referred to as Katie, is a young adult of 17. She realizes the need for her to act like shes a lady and to find her own life, take charge and do what she wants to do.  Rodolpho is the life of the play, loving life and having a big personality. He finds another problem, besides Eddies opposition to him, because of his talents to sing, cook and sew that leads others to think he is a homosexual. Marco plays the antagonist that in the end kills Eddie. His quiet character suspiciously passes through the play pre-occupied with other thoughts. He tries to keep the peace within the families, but in the end he challenges Eddies authority.  Millers use of language for the characters has an effect on how we see progress of the characters psychologically; whether they develop a sense of doom, love, jealousy or betrayal. Marco talks about his family back in Italy, the older one is sick in his chest. My wife she feeds them from her own mouth. I tell you the truth they eat the sunshine, giving us a sense of his background, personality and his opinions. Catherine really demonstrates how naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve she is through her speech. She states, I dont understand Please, tell me Well I forgot, and they are all examples of how her character is innocent and young in mind, and doesnt understand things going on around her that she should be able to comprehend. Stage directions make an even greater impact on the performance. Each character has their own style, and way of carrying themselves, which adds to the believability and realism of the stage show. A particularly good impression of this is in Act Two where the Immigration Officers come to take away the illegal immigrants, otherwise known as Beatrices cousins. We can really see the emotions of the characters flooding out, CATHERINE stands motionless, uncomprehending staring at him in a realized horror. This can raise the tension in the audience, absorbing them into the world that the act creates. It also has more of an impact; for instance, Miller could have written, MARCO walks freely to EDDIE and spits, but instead he wrote, MARCO suddenly breaks free from the group and dashes into the room and faces EDDIE MARCO spits into EDDIEs face. Stage This is basically how I imagine the stage to be set up according to the description at the beginning of Act One. It is quite spaced out, giving the audience a larger area to watch, to keep their attention for longer. What is put on the stage and the size of each area is important to create the realism of the drama. Millers use of props in the play is very specific and limited, as I mentioned before. Arthur Miller very effectively describes and includes only essential play details. This gives those performing a chance to add individual characteristics through extra props. The layout describes only the indispensable parts and props of the stage. Throughout the play, one by one, we see the relevance of each bit to the plot:  Ã‚  Now CATHERINE gets up and puts a record on the phonograph Paper Doll. This is where the phonograph in their apartment plays an important role, as Catherine uses it to challenge Eddies authority by dancing with Rodolpho, or Rodolpho with Catherine. The main story of how the personalities of these characters clash or merge happen at the dining table. It is the place where they discuss oranges are orange and lemons are green. Eddie implies that Rodolpho is hiding his sexuality, trying to be someone hes not; by saying that they paint the oranges to make them look orange.  The rocking chair comes into focus especially when Eddie is distressed, contemplating or when hes going crazy over his unhealthy obsession with Catherine, possibly symbolizing his feelings or attitude at the time. EDDIE is alone in the rocker, rocking back and forth in little surges, explains Eddies emotions. So, although these objects are mentioned only once or twice, they play a big part in setting the atmosphere and emphasizing details rather than having them said, also being effective as they are few.  The lights show the change of scenes, especially on Alfieri, when events unfold. The lights have gone down, leaving him in a glow, while behind the dull prayers of the people and keening of the women continue, not only brings the focus off the dramas climax, but keeps the solemn mood of sorrow in the background. They also highlight important parts of the play, A phone booth beings to glow on the opposite side of the stage; a faint, lonely blue. It shows different places or areas of the stage. But it could have been used even more to explain certain times of the day, or feelings and emotions of specific characters.

Causes of Obesity and Strategies for Change

Causes of Obesity and Strategies for Change Introduction Generally, obesity is the accumulation of fatty deposits build up inside a persons body. This occurs when the tissues become excessive fat. Worse, obesity may interfere with and injure organs and eventually cause serious health problems. Being overweight is associated with a higher risk if you have a medical problem such as diabetes and heart disease. Apart from limiting the physical and social activities, life expectancy was much shorter in the patient. The problem of obesity is becoming more prevalent among students. Obesity is the second most common disease in Malaysia after heart disease. Studies show that 15% of children aged 12 to 19 years have a problem of overweight and fatness. This problem is higher among children who come from poor families because of a lack of awareness of the importance of having the ideal body weight as compared to richer households. In this assignment, students are required to tell the causes of obesity and the ways to overcome it. Main body What causes obesity in teenagers? Among them are neither balanced diet. Balanced means that the calories and energy that must be earned at a rate equal to the amount of energy released or calories to be obtained through the diet and can only be removed through activities, exercises and so on. Teens often take advantage of snacks such as crackers, instant noodles and soft drinks as well as foods that are high in fat. They did not know that actually these foods contain high calories. Increases a persons weight when they eat more than what can be burned by the body and excessive calories are stored as fat. Weight gain and obesity and obesity resulting from excess intake of calories will not occur in a certain number or a week, but the fat in the body will be collected and stored for several months and years. To ensure that weight is always on a normal BMI or ideal weight, one must ensure that the energy in the body is at a normal, balanced diet. In addition, the duration of sleep can also contribute to obesity. If a person in bed, the individual is likely to have the disease of obesity. If a lack of sleep, the same problem will be faced, namely the risk of weight gain. Hormone released by the body during sleep will control the rate of appetite and energy levels in the body. For example, the hormone insulin to control sugar levels in the body when a person is sleeping. Therefore, if a person lacks sleep, the energy content of sugar in the body similar to diabetics. If teens do not have to sleep on an ongoing basis, they will have high hormone in the body called ghrelin. Ghrelin is a hormone that is responsible for increasing the rate of an appetite. At the same time, when a lack of sleep, the individual will also have low leptin content in the body. Leptin is responsible to suppress appetite. The main causes of this obesity is genetics. A gene of a person have a strong influence on a person’s weight. It is like, if a person has obesity, the person maybe inherited it from the parents. Obesity also tend to run in their families, or few of a family member has obesity since young. The chances of being obesity are greater if any one of their parents are obese or both mother and father are being obese. The genes in a person’s body could affect the amount of fat which is in your body. Even a child could adopt the habits of or from their parents, which is something like eating habits. Eating not in a very proper and controlled way will lead a person to obesity too. A person’s lifestyle choices are one the causes of being obesity. Overeating also can contributes to obesity. Nobody is following the food pyramid and control their eating habits according to the food pyramid. Some of them are in diet, but are they following the proper diet? These peoples thinks that they are in a correct way and following a good lifestyle. But they are eating a diet which is very high percentage in calories come from sugary, high in fat, refined foods promotes weight gain. In children lifestyle, there is no activity, outdoor activity which involves physically. These children are very inactive in physical activity. They are more interested in inactivity such as playing games, watching television, listening to music and so on. Lack of exercise contributes obesity to adults and it also makes them difficult to maintain weight loss. Age of a person is also playing an important role of being obese. As a person get or grew older, the person will tend to loss muscle if the person is less active. Muscle loss of a person can slow down the rate which it burns calories of a person’s body. If a person does not reduce the calorie intake as he grew older, the person might gain weight and being obese. Menopause is another cause of being obese. Many women gain their weight during menopause and gain more fat around their waist. Pregnancy is another factor for a woman being obese. Women gain weight when they are pregnant to support their babies gowth and development. But after giving birth, some women can easily lose their weight and for some women it is very hard to lose their weight. They even gain more weight. This may lead them to obesity. Lack of sleep can increase the risk of obesity. People who sleeps fewer hours are like people who likes eating food that is higher in calories and carbohydrates, which also brings them to overeating, gain weight and obesity. Getting a good sleep helps us maintain a healthy balance of the hormones which can makes us feel hungry or full. Lack of sleep results in a higher sugar level, which may increase our risk for getting diabetes. To prevent obesity caused by this problem, we should eat more vegetables, fruits and other protein sources such as fish. We also need to reduce the use of oil to fry food and cooking by steaming, baking or boiling. In addition, laziness and dislike of exercise is also a cause of obesity. When we pamper the body by not doing any exercise movement, the fat will continue to accumulate in our body. Finally, a chubby little body, plump, and fat. Therefore, we must exercise at least 3 times a week for 30 minutes. Among the exercises that can be done by those who are lazy or difficult to perform the movement was brisk walk, swim, or play badminton. This exercise can prevent injuries. In addition, the increase in fast food restaurants and food sold in packages or cans also be a cause of obesity. Fast food restaurants such as KFC, McDonalds, Pizza Hut favorites, especially those who work because they no longer need to bother to cook a meal after a hard days work. Although the food is provided by fast food restaurants are tempting, people should be aware that food intake should be reduced because the food is not nutritious and contain levels of salt, sugar, and fat. Among the steps that can be taken to prevent ourselves from this problem is to adopt a well-balanced diet. We must take into account the need of carbohydrates, fat and nutrition in accordance with age. Therefore, we must make the food pyramid as a guide in the selection menu or foods for a healthier life. In addition, we must eat on time regularly, especially the three main meals of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health (MOH) was the slogan healthy eating, healthy life to ensure that people eat a healthy diet. This is because we are not only healthier but happier and more secure life without diseases if we are wise in choosing healthy foods and a balanced diet every day. Aside from the diet and doing regular exercise, we should not be fooled by slimming products rising galore in the market. Various slimming products sold and advertised that can obscure the users eyes. Users should be careful because often ingredients in slimming products can be harmful to health, but, most of the product is not a guarantee of safety from the Ministry of Health. Therefore, use of this product is not safe and can cause a variety of negative effects that can affect health. Use of these products is not able to lose weight otherwise detrimental to health. Therefore, we must seek the advice and insights of a qualified physician before using any slimming products available in the market.

The Evolution of Capital Punishment Essay -- Death Penalty

The Evolution of Capital Punishment Ever since there has been crime, there has been punishment. One form of punishment that has existed since the beginning of society is capital punishment. As crime and societies have evolved over time, so have capital punishment, its forms, and its reasons for use. Capital punishment is defined as the execution or death for a capital offense. (Hill & Hill 1995: 75) A capital offense is defined as being any criminal charge that is punishable by the death penalty. (Hill & Hill 1995: 75) A capital offense usually means that no bail will be allowed. Capital punishment has existed since the earliest civilizations such as the ancient Greeks, Romans, and even the English have existed. Death sentences were not only carried out centuries ago, but they were also given out as sentences in formal courts. In ancient Greece, the death penalty was ordered for what are known as minor crimes in modern day living. The rules of Rome were not much more merciful to say the least. Starting a fire or even disturbing the peace after dark could fuel such a verdict as death by fire or worse. And finally in England, there were over 200 offenses that could be punishable by death. (Landon 1992: 9) The English, were in fact, the main reasons as to why the death penalty exists in America. Capital punishment became a very important part of the written rules at the time of the first wave of colonists that arrived in America. The rules varied from colony to colony although the rules remained quite similar all the same. (Landon 1992: 10) The death penalty in very early America was the end result of a murderous conviction the majority of the time although it was put to use for many other crimes. Due to the fact that there was no separation of power between the church and the American government and the fact that a simple accusation could cost somebody their life, the 8th and then later on, the 14th amendments were created. The 8th amendment states that â€Å"Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishment are prohibited. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† The 14th amendment then states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or... ...t is awfully convenient to be able to go both ways on such a subject. It is fascinating to be able to notice the evolution of such an important subject in our history and how it is still changing. It is worth noting that the death penalty is not simply the most serious criminal punishment there is to offer, but is has and is still a social, moral, and legal problem in society. It was a problem 200 years ago and still is today. It is a subject that all people most likely will not be able to come to an agreement on, but it is one that will continue to evolve so all we can do for now is watch and see. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hill, Gerald N., and Kathleen Thompson Hill. Real Life Dictionary of the Law. Los Angeles, General Publishing Group, Inc., 1995 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zimering, Franklin E., and Gordon Hawkins. Capital Punishment and the American Agenda. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berns, Walter. For Capital Punishment: Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty. New York, Basic Books Inc., 1979 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Landon, Elaine. Teens and the Death Penalty. Hillside, Enslow Publishers, 1992 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herda, D.J. Furman v. Georgia. Springfield, Enslow Publishers, 1994

Classroom Environment Management Essay

Designing a classroom where the environment is safe for the students and those providers who will be working with him or her will have adequate space, flexibility of surroundings, safety, and ease of access and mobility for both the students and providers is essential. The classroom environment for those students identified with learning, emotional and behavioral disabilities fosters positive educational and social growth by providing individual areas for students as well as establishing small group areas in an inviting environment. Attention to all styles of learning is sufficiently addressed through the uses of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic stimuli. In this reflection, an appropriate classroom environment plan will be highlighted relating to students with learning, emotional and behavioral disabilities in a high school setting and will be accompanied by a visual diagram of the actual set-up of our classroom through a graphic representation of the classroom attached as Appendix A. In order to establish a desirable classroom design for students with learning, emotional and behavioral disabilities (Kauffman, 2005), one of the first considerations would be to allow spaces for structured and non structured individual and small group instruction and activities Students need personal space to work independently with staff in a one-on-one setting, specifically if they are not cooperating, are hyperactive, are displaying limited self-control, or simply need to be alone for a brief period of time . In addition to providing for individual stations, several round tables are necessary which allow for small group interaction, thus, creating a sense of community and collaboration, are included in the classroom (Bos & Vaughn, 2006, p. 462-463). Moreover, the classroom should reflect an open floor concept through allowing adequate space between the individual and small group stations. Two round tables are located on one side of the room with three individual work stations on the other. Bookshelves (mounted to the wall) containing clearly labeled multiple resources are located on one end of the classroom. Separate bowls of stress relieving balls are placed on the tables and desks. These stress balls are especially useful when students are frustrated or having difficulty focusing his or her attention. Emergency exits are well-marked with evacuation and emergency procedures, next to classroom rules and expectations. Classroom exits are visually marked and all students are trained on emergency evacuation procedures, promoting safety and security in the classroom. Loose materials, such as scissors, rules, pens, pencils, markers and other instruments are located in support staff desks. The classroom environment is well-lit with both artificial energy efficient lighting and abundant natural lighting, and has large windows so the students can view the outdoors (U. S. Department of Energy, 2008). The lower halves of all windows are covered with bright paper so students will not be distracted by the outdoors (e. g. , people walking by, cars passing by), leaving the top half of the windows uncovered which allows for the sunlight to still come through. The natural lighting in the room is exhilarating when reflecting off the walls, which at times engages students to speak about weather and nature, promoting a welcoming learning environment. The atmosphere of the room is homey and welcoming and the walls are brightly painted and decorated with inspirationally themed posters throughout. Student work is displayed throughout the classroom, further enhancing the room and contributing to a sense of community and family. Background low volume music of various types is played to stimulate the environment. Technology is an effective and essential tool for delivering instruction and must be integrated into the classroom (Bos & Vaughn, 2006, p. 462-463). Computers are located on the individual desks throughout the room. Students all have unique ways of learning, some visually, some tactilely, and some auditorally. Given that an environment should be conducive to all types of learners, all of the above must be incorporated into classroom environment plan. Lastly, proper ventilation in a classroom is important. Temperatures that are too hot or too cold are not productive to student learning and performance and can generate or contribute to an increase in undesired behaviors or attitudes (U. S. Department of Energy, 2008). Students will become distracted by changes in the classroom and, as such, careful monitoring of the classroom temperature is required. Having windows in the classroom allows the students and staff to enjoy the fresh air outside, which again can promote discussion about nature, weather and the environment. Classrooms can be modified according to the specific disability being served regardless of the population’s limitations. An environment that is safe for the students and for those working with students is essential. Appropriately arranging the classroom to meet the specific needs of the students with whom one works is important. Properly defining small group areas, individual stations, a conducive, welcoming environment, with integrated technology, will all be beneficial to meet the needs of all students. This paper outlines a classroom environment for students with learning, emotional and behavioral disabilities.

Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Example

Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Example Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Organization behavior analysis of Merck Company Inc Essay Introduction Organization behaviour analysis refers to the systematic attack in analyzing and application of human behaviour as persons or groups within an organisation their behaviour and the consequence this behaviour impacts on the organisation and its ends. It is the analysis of single and group behaviour within an organisation. It enhances better relationships to accomplish human aims, organisations aims and societal aims. The organisation s values ends and civilization are all linked in such a manner that there is integrating between the employees personal ends and the organisation s ends. Organizational behaviour analyses relationships between variables ( McKenna, 2001 ) . The construct of organisational behaviour is based on the theory that the environment dictates the human behaviour ( Duncan, 1982 ) . It covers a broad scope of subjects that include human behaviour, alteration, leading and public presentation. It involves analysing behaviour from an single degree, a group degree and an organisational degree, where the three are someway incorporate. The analyses consequences to more efficient and effectual organisations. The company: Merck Company Inc. Organization behaviour includes analysing behaviour that consequences from external environmental forces. A amalgamation and possible ballad offs are factors that would hold an impact on Merck s employees behaviours and this behaviour would hold an impact on the organisations productiveness. This essay will turn to these subjects in relation to the alterations in Merck s A ; Co. after the company merged with Schering-Plough and during the company s restructuring plan, which involves extinguishing 15 per centum of the employees located globally ( Schepp, 2010 ) . Merck is one of the largest pharmaceutical public companies in the universe. The chief merchandises include medical specialties, vaccinums, biological therapies, consumer and animate being merchandises. The company has its caput office in New Jersey and operates in 140 states located worldwide. The company is listed in the New York Stock Exchange. Merck late merged with Schering-Plough Company. One of the effects of the amal gamation was lying off of about 15 per centum of the new company s employees. The issue Harmonizing to Appelbaum directors should take into consideration organisation s behaviour during and after a amalgamation. Many amalgamation and acquisition failures can be attributed to miss of proper organisational behaviour analysis. One of the negative effects on employees behaviour during and after a amalgamation is that it can take to insecurity and uncertainness among employees ( Appelbaum, 2000 ) . During a amalgamation the direction should turn to the impact it would hold on the employees and offer support and encouragement to the employees, analysing attitudes, values and people s behaviours and how they are affected by the environment. The organisation will necessitate to analyse planning, forming, taking and commanding. Analyze occupation maps, allotment of resources, and work flow processs. Train the employees to stay focussed and reassuring them of their occupation security will assist in making stableness and continuance. Control refers to the direction s subjective and nonsubjective appraisal of the success of ends. The direction should recognize that there is a demand to turn to fright for alteration. Appelbaum et Al. ( 2000 ) recommends three attacks in turn toing organisation behaviour during a amalgamation, communicating, corporate civilization and alteration. Communication During the alteration procedure, it is really of import for the direction to retain unfastened communicating with the employees. This will be really helpful in retaining the company s civilization. Lack of proper communicating to the employees during a amalgamation may take to rumours which may take down employees morale as they become preoccupied with their ain single involvements. Communication will assist in bridging the spread between the person s involvements and the organisations involvements during the meeting procedure. This will help in integrating of the two organisational civilizations, in this instance Merck s and Schering-Plough Company. Merck s direction achieved this through publicising the company s concern scheme in the 2009-2010 Corporate Responsibility Review study ( Merck, 2010 ) . The program included consolidative, incorporating and fostering civilization. The scheme included pass oning the advancement to the employees and other stakeholders ( Merck A ; Co Inc. ) . One of the ways that communicating can be effectual is through repeat of information though different signifiers of media ( Appelbaum, et al. , 2000 ) . The demand for smooth integrating of the amalgamation between the two companies was communicated through assorted studies in the Merck s web site. These studies include the Code of Conduct and the 2009-2010 corporate administration studies. The messages of honestness, transparence and unfastened communicating are reflected in most of the company s policies, demoing the acce nt the company has on unfastened communicating. Organizational Culture When two companies merge, there are possibilities of cultural mutual exclusiveness. This may ensue to struggles. An organizations civilization can be recognized through artefacts such as the company Son, the company values and norms and through basic implicit in premises. It encompasses informal and formal procedures of doing determination in the organisation. This includes the power hierarchy and how employees who are in different places interact with each other. At Merck there is common regard for employees and they are encouraged to develop their accomplishments and they are hence committed to high public presentation. This means that they can be trusted to do determinations without needfully holding to wait for their supervisors consent. The company allows for some inclusion in the determination devising procedure, though employees in difference are to describe their grudges to their supervisors before they go to everyone else. Thus Merck pattern democratic leading manner ( Miner, 2007 ) . In add-on to this, employees should hold person to confide in about their concerns for a amalgamation. At Merck company direction, anyone with a difference on any issue should describe it to the parts Human Resources representative. The company besides has Merck Office of moralss where those who may be afraid of their ain supervisors and human resource representatives should take their questions and concerns. In add-on to this the company has a codification of behavior that acts as a guideline to anyone with any sort of duty in the company including employees and the managers. The codification of behavior includes ethical inquiries and the procedure one should utilize in determination devising. This shows openness and giving employees duty to do determinations. This consequences to happy employees who are more productive. A company that is in the post-merger state of affairs should hold a civilization that is clearly defined. There should be common land for the two companies after which a new civilization will be developed. Merck Co. Inc. is in presently in the post-merger phase. The direction has developed a program that would guarantee a smooth integrating of the two civilizations. This is stipulated in the company s concern impulse which includes uniting the two civilizations, incorporating them and cultivating the new civilization. An organizations civilization can be determined from the company s mission statements, and in its values, moralss and criterions which all form portion of organisation behaviour. The company s values are based on moralss and unity. Merck s mission statement reads To supply advanced, typical merchandises and services that save and improve lives and fulfill client demand, to be recognized as a great topographic point to work and to supply investors with a superior rate of return ( Merck Co. Inc. , 2010 ) . This mission statement shows the importance at which the organisation values the employees part to the growing of the house. This should be a beginning of inspiration for the employees who remained at Merck s company after the amalgamation. The same importance is reflected in the company s moralss and criterions statements. On moralss and criterions, Merck s company has a main conformity office to guarantee that Merck s company complies with all the ordinances as required globally. The conformity officer besides ensures that the company patterns ethical concern patterns and besides safeguarding the person s privateness. This safeguarding of the person s privateness shows the regard the company has on the person. This can move as a motivational factor for the employees. The employee feels appreciated, therefore becomes more productive which improves the employee s public presentation. A company that has effectual corporate administration is in most instances transparent in all its projects. Corporate administration besides involves appreciating that the people in an organisation are the most of import assets in that organisation ( Blair, 1995 ) . Merck s company has an effectual corporate administration construction. The Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) is appointed by the Board and it is the Board that besides determines his wage. The Chairman is responsible for the Board. There is an audit commission which is accessible to all. In add-on to this the company has whistle blowers protection policies. These facts are turn outing of transparence. As such the employees should hold assurance in the company and adjust to the civilization of the new company. Changes A amalgamation leads to several alterations in the organisation. Once an employee joins an organisation, she/he, there is a psychological demand is developed. In bend the organisation has outlooks from this employee. Thus a psychological contract Begins and a menace to interrupt it may be lay waste toing to the organisation and to the employees. On the Individual degree, organisational behaviour analyses perceptual experiences, acquisition, creativeness, motive, personality, public presentation and moralss. Individual s beginnings of motive do vary from single to single, some by inducements, economic benefits, congratulations or merely satisfaction from making a occupation good. It involves placing what motivates each single employee. Organization behaviour analysis besides involves the survey of single behaviour towards some external forces and the effects this has on the organisation. It besides involves of factors which most of the clip would be holding negative effects on public presentation. A major alteration, such as a amalgamation threatens to interrupt the psychological contract, whereby the employee becomes afraid of the unknown and develops feelings of weakness. This affects the employee s public presentation degree. The Merck and Schering-Plough amalgamation had an even more helplessness consequence as the CEO had announced possible layoffs for 15 per centum of the employees. These proclamations of possible loss of employees may do anxiousness and fright. If non addressed this could ensue to down employees who are aggressive and therefore an addition in unsolved struggles. To avoid these effects of alteration, unfastened communicating on the grounds for the amalgamation should be communicated from which the employees should be made to understand the new alterations. There should be no surprise for the employees and they should cognize who and how they would be affected. To extinguish this consequence of surprise, Merck s direction included the intelligence on possible puting off of senior and in-between degree directors, 40 per centum of which would be in the US. The fright can besides be eliminated by affecting the employees to do them experience that they are portion of the procedure. The direction should besides supply employees with ends that are long term. This creates assurance with their employer as they feel secure in their places. This engagement was highlighted in the so CEO s, Mr. Clark s address after the amalgamation. Clark said that for the amalgamation to be successful, the company relied on the employees passion, innovativeness and com mittedness. Harmonizing to Appelbaum and company, ( 2000 ) staff lay offs have the same consequence as amalgamations, depression, anxiousness and weakness. Directors should supply as much information as is possible to cut down rumours and their effects. In add-on to this the directors should promote group treatments. On the group degree, organisation behaviour involves analyzing of the group kineticss, intra-group and inter-group struggles and integrity, interpersonal communicating, leading, webs and group functions. In Merck Co. Inc. planetary constituency groups and employee resource groups are two of the schemes that the company uses to implement diverseness scheme. The planetary constituency groups represent persons from different geographical parts and with different civilizations, faith and professions. They work together towards the same end, the success of the organisation. The employee resource groups are made of voluntary employees who web together and work as squads. These squads offer educational and cultural resources, every bit good as being contacts to other employees. These groupings help in understanding persons while they play an of import function in developing diverseness scheme. These groups played an of import function in back uping each other during the amalgamation as the groups would run into and discourse issues that were of concern to them. Employees must be made to experience that they have regained control of their single end. Decision Organizational behaviour analysis aids in placing the person and group behaviour with the purpose of utilizing the consequences to better on public presentation. The analysis will be used to place an person s different demands and different methods of working and executing a undertaking. This information is used in supplying individualized resources that will assist each person to be more productive. This information will besides be of high importance in guaranting a smooth alteration procedure as the direction devices on ways to help employees digest the amalgamation alterations with assurance. There should be new defined ends for the new company every bit good as new policies, new civilization. These new policies plus any other alterations should be communicated to the employees. The information rayed to the employees should be honest, as employees will be more appreciative if they know the impact the amalgamation has on them. The ballad off information should be provided with sensitiveness otherwise it may hold serious reverberations. Employees feelings should be considered in the whole procedure. This will assist in the success of the amalgamation.